{"id":31568,"date":"2024-02-23T09:50:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-23T09:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/?p=31568"},"modified":"2024-02-21T09:18:27","modified_gmt":"2024-02-21T09:18:27","slug":"tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9thodes d'analyse TEM des mat\u00e9riaux de batteries au lithium"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"31568\" class=\"elementor elementor-31568\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbda13d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bbda13d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15b07d3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15b07d3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"line-height: 40px\">Les structures atomiques et \u00e9lectroniques du lithium-ion <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;color: #333399\"><a style=\"color: #333399;text-decoration: underline\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/china-lithium-battery-materials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mat\u00e9riaux pour batteries<\/a><\/span> d\u00e9terminent directement les performances de la batterie. La microscopie \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 transmission, avec sa capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9solution spatiale \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique, permet d'observer les distorsions structurelles et les modifications de la structure \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique, ce qui joue un r\u00f4le crucial dans l'\u00e9tude des mat\u00e9riaux des batteries lithium-ion.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1198d358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1198d358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40b6fbf7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"40b6fbf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable des mati\u00e8res\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__40b6fbf7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__40b6fbf7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__40b6fbf7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewbox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68ecbe93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"68ecbe93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c5b5142 elementor-widget__width-inherit uael-aspect-ratio-16_9 uael-youtube-subscribe-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-video\" data-id=\"3c5b5142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video__outer-wrap  uael-video-type-youtube\" data-device=\"false\" data-vsticky=\"no\" data-hidedesktop=\"\" data-hidetablet=\"\" data-hidemobile=\"\" data-vsticky-viewport=\"0\" data-autoplay=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video-inner-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video__play\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Yjto4QjF8qo?rel=0&amp;start&amp;end&amp;controls=1&amp;mute=0&amp;modestbranding=0&amp;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"uael-video__thumb\" src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/Yjto4QjF8qo\/maxresdefault.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/img>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-video__play-icon uael-animation-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/YouTube_play_button_icon_2013-2017.svg.png\" alt=\"YouTube_play_button_icon_(2013\u20132017).svg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d58cb81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2d58cb81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bae0466 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bae0466\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"line-height: 40px\"><h2 id=\"tem-model-characterization\">Caract\u00e9risation du mod\u00e8le TEM<\/h2><p>Les modes de TEM sont principalement divis\u00e9s en deux cat\u00e9gories : le mode image et le mode diffraction. Le mode image est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9 pour observer la morphologie de l'\u00e9chantillon. En outre, la microscopie \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 transmission \u00e0 haute r\u00e9solution (HRTEM) permet d'obtenir des images structurelles avec une r\u00e9solution \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique.<\/p><p>Le mode de diffraction utilise g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la m\u00e9thode de diffraction \u00e9lectronique sur zone s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e (SEAD) pour obtenir les r\u00e9sultats de diffraction \u00e9lectronique d'une zone s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e, qui peut \u00eatre analys\u00e9e pour obtenir des informations sur la cristallinit\u00e9 et la structure de la phase \u00e0 l'endroit s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_31578\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31578\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31578 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/TEM-model-characterization.webp\" alt=\"Caract\u00e9risation du mod\u00e8le TEM\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31578\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\uff08a\uff09TEM brightfield photo \uff08b\uff09Electron diffraction images and high-resolution photographs of selected areas<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 1 Effet de la caract\u00e9risation TEM des mat\u00e9riaux ternaires<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Caract\u00e9risation du mod\u00e8le STEM<\/strong><\/p><p>Le mode STEM balaie la surface de l'\u00e9chantillon avec un faisceau d'\u00e9lectrons convergents et utilise un d\u00e9tecteur annulaire pour recevoir les \u00e9lectrons diffus\u00e9s \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents angles de r\u00e9ception pour l'imagerie. L'imagerie de champ sombre annulaire \u00e0 angle \u00e9lev\u00e9 (HAADF) et l'imagerie de champ brillant annulaire (ABF) sont largement utilis\u00e9es dans les batteries lithium-ion.<\/p><p>Parmi eux, le HAADF est sensible aux \u00e9l\u00e9ments lourds, et l'ABF est sensible aux \u00e9l\u00e9ments l\u00e9gers, et peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour imager directement les \u00e9l\u00e9ments l\u00e9gers tels que Li et O, ce qui est crucial pour l'\u00e9tude des mat\u00e9riaux des batteries Li-ion, comme le montre la figure 2.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_31580\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31580\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31580 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/STEM-model-characterization.webp\" alt=\"Caract\u00e9risation du mod\u00e8le STEM\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31580\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) Image ABF de LiFePO4 vierge ; (b) Image ABF de LiFePO4 \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9lithi\u00e9 ; (c) Image ABF de LiFePO4 \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat semi-d\u00e9lithi\u00e9, o\u00f9 la structure d'ordre du Li et des lacunes de Li a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 2 Structure \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique du mat\u00e9riau de cathode LiFePO4 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents niveaux de d\u00e9lithiation<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Spectre de rayons X<\/strong><\/p><p>Les rayons X sont \u00e9mis lorsque les \u00e9lectrons excit\u00e9s de l'\u00e9chantillon retournent \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat fondamental et sont re\u00e7us pour obtenir un spectre de rayons X (EDS), qui analyse les rayons X caract\u00e9ristiques \u00e9mis par la surface de l'\u00e9chantillon pour obtenir des informations sur les \u00e9l\u00e9ments contenus dans l'\u00e9chantillon.<\/p><p>En mode TEM, les informations spectrales sont moyenn\u00e9es, ce qui refl\u00e8te la composition \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire moyenne et les proportions de la zone irradi\u00e9e par le faisceau d'\u00e9lectrons. En mode STEM, la relation entre les esp\u00e8ces \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires et les positions \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires peut \u00eatre \u00e9tablie pour obtenir la carte de distribution des \u00e9l\u00e9ments, comme le montre la figure 3.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-31584\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/X-ray-spectrum.webp\" alt=\"Spectre des rayons X\" width=\"1200\" height=\"650\" \/><\/p><h2 id=\"electronic-holography\">Holographie \u00e9lectronique<\/h2><p>L'holographie \u00e9lectronique permet d'\u00e9tudier la distribution du potentiel des mat\u00e9riaux, ce qui est important pour les mat\u00e9riaux des batteries au lithium. L'holographie mentionn\u00e9e ici fait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 l'holographie hors ligne, c'est-\u00e0-dire que le faisceau d'\u00e9lectrons incident passe pour moiti\u00e9 \u00e0 travers l'\u00e9chantillon et pour moiti\u00e9 \u00e0 travers le vide, formant ainsi l'onde de l'objet et l'onde de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.<\/p><p>Comme le montre la figure 4, les ondes de l'objet et de la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence sont d\u00e9vi\u00e9es par un prisme \u00e9lectronique et interf\u00e8rent l'une avec l'autre pour former un motif holographique. Le motif est ensuite reconstruit par traitement des donn\u00e9es pour obtenir la distribution de potentiel. La m\u00e9thode d'holographie \u00e9lectronique permet d'obtenir la distribution de potentiel du mat\u00e9riau de la batterie pendant le processus de cyclage.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_31585\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31585\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31585 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Electronic-holography.webp\" alt=\"Holographie \u00e9lectronique\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31585\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) L'onde objet et l'onde de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence interf\u00e8rent l'une avec l'autre pour former un motif holographique apr\u00e8s l'action d'un prisme \u00e9lectronique ; (b) Reconstruction de l'onde objet par transform\u00e9e de Fourier du motif holographique. La phase de l'onde objet reconstruite est la distribution de potentiel.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 4. Sch\u00e9ma de l'holographie \u00e9lectronique<\/strong><\/p><h2 id=\"electron-energy-loss-spectrum\">Spectre de perte d'\u00e9nergie des \u00e9lectrons<\/h2><p>En microscopie \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 transmission, le faisceau d'\u00e9lectrons est diffus\u00e9 apr\u00e8s avoir travers\u00e9 l'\u00e9chantillon. L'\u00e9nergie des \u00e9lectrons diffus\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re \u00e9lastique reste constante et celle des \u00e9lectrons diffus\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re in\u00e9lastique varie. Le spectre de perte d'\u00e9nergie des \u00e9lectrons (EELS) analyse la distribution de la perte d'\u00e9nergie apr\u00e8s la diffusion in\u00e9lastique d'\u00e9lectrons incidents d'une \u00e9nergie fixe \u00e0 partir d'un \u00e9chantillon.<\/p><p>La diffusion in\u00e9lastique implique des interactions coulombiennes entre les \u00e9lectrons et les \u00e9lectrons situ\u00e9s \u00e0 l'ext\u00e9rieur du noyau de l'atome de l'\u00e9chantillon, o\u00f9 les \u00e9lectrons situ\u00e9s \u00e0 l'ext\u00e9rieur du noyau subissent un saut s\u00e9lectif en recevant l'\u00e9nergie des \u00e9lectrons incidents, tandis que les \u00e9lectrons incidents perdent une quantit\u00e9 correspondante d'\u00e9nergie.<\/p><p>En fonction de la perte d'\u00e9nergie des \u00e9lectrons incidents, il est donc possible d'obtenir des informations \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires et des informations sur la structure \u00e9lectronique de l'\u00e9chantillon, notamment l'\u00e9paisseur de l'\u00e9chantillon, le type et le contenu de l'\u00e9l\u00e9ment, l'\u00e9tat de valence de l'\u00e9l\u00e9ment et d'autres informations structurelles.<\/p><p><strong>Les diff\u00e9rences entre EELS et EDS sont indiqu\u00e9es dans le tableau 1 :<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-075a8a1 uael-header-sticky-no uael-border-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-table\" data-id=\"075a8a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div itemscope class=\"uael-table-wrapper\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Table\">\n\t\t<table id=\"uael-table-id-075a8a1\" class=\"uael-text-break uael-column-rules uael-table\" data-sort-table=\"no\" data-show-entry=\"no\" data-searchable=\"no\" data-responsive=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"0\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-6b798c6 uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\"><\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"1\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-bd6e2be uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">EDS<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th data-sort=\"2\" class=\"sort-this elementor-repeater-item-9adb86d uael-table-col uael-table-head-cell-text\" scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sort-style\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">EELS<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<!-- ROWS -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr data-entry=\"1\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-159e6ce\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-707628d\" data-title=\"EDS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">R\u00e9solution \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique d'environ 100 eV<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-314a43f\" data-title=\"EELS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">R\u00e9solution \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique meilleure que 1eV<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"2\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-76c2f20\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Intervalle de signal<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-57da9dc\" data-title=\"EDS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Jusqu'\u00e0 2000 eV ou plus<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-fe59450\" data-title=\"EELS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">0-1000eV, adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9solution de structures \u00e9lectroniques fines<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"3\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-dd3c687\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Temps d'acquisition<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-cd883e3\" data-title=\"EDS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Permet des p\u00e9riodes plus longues que les EELS\nl'acquisition<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-346a547\" data-title=\"EELS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Gravement affect\u00e9e par la d\u00e9rive de l'\u00e9chantillon, il n'est pas facile de collecter des \u00e9chantillons trop longs.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr><tr data-entry=\"4\" class=\"uael-table-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-133450c\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Exigences en mati\u00e8re de professionnalisme\n\n\t\n\n<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-ff014ef\" data-title=\"EDS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Plus facile \u00e0 utiliser, la visualisation des r\u00e9sultats est bonne\nbonne<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"uael-table-col uael-table-body-cell-text elementor-repeater-item-7b01382\" data-title=\"EELS\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-table__text-inner\">Fonctionnement compliqu\u00e9, mauvaise visualisation des r\u00e9sultats obtenus, traitement des donn\u00e9es plus sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 n\u00e9cessaire<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee39338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee39338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"line-height: 40px;text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-31589\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Electron-energy-loss-spectrum.webp\" alt=\"Spectre de perte d&#039;\u00e9nergie des \u00e9lectrons\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1172\" \/><strong>Fig. 5 Analyse des environnements de liaison du carbone \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des branches<\/strong><\/div><div style=\"line-height: 40px\"><h2 id=\"convergent-beam-electron-diffractio\">Diffraction \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 faisceau convergent<\/h2><p>La diffraction \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 faisceau convergent (CBED) permet d'obtenir des informations structurelles au niveau de l'orbite \u00e9lectronique. Le CBED mesure les coefficients de Fourier du potentiel de Coulomb (facteur de structure) d'un cristal, qui est converti en facteur de structure des rayons X, et la densit\u00e9 \u00e9lectronique est obtenue par transform\u00e9e de Fourier.<\/p><p>La mesure du facteur de structure par diffraction \u00e9lectronique pr\u00e9sente l'avantage de pouvoir mesurer des facteurs de structure de bas ordre, d'\u00eatre sensible aux \u00e9tats \u00e9lectroniques et de permettre une analyse pr\u00e9cise des micror\u00e9gions, ce qui garantit la pr\u00e9cision de la densit\u00e9 \u00e9lectronique obtenue.<\/p><p>La densit\u00e9 \u00e9lectronique permet d'obtenir des informations sur les orbitales et les \u00e9tats topologiques du cristal par ajustement multipolaire. La densit\u00e9 de charge et la liaison dans le mat\u00e9riau LiNiO2 sont illustr\u00e9es \u00e0 la figure 6. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que la m\u00e9thode CBED n\u00e9cessite un temps long et une dose importante de faisceau d'\u00e9lectrons pour agir sur l'\u00e9chantillon, elle ne peut pas \u00eatre largement utilis\u00e9e pour l'\u00e9tude de la densit\u00e9 de charge et de la liaison dans le mat\u00e9riau LiNiO2. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;color: #333399\"><a style=\"color: #333399;text-decoration: underline\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/lithium-ion-battery-chemistry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chimie des batteries lithium-ion<\/a><\/span> \u00e0 l'heure actuelle.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_31596\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31596\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31596\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Convergent-beam-electron-diffractio.webp\" alt=\"Convergent-beam-electron-diffractio\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1189\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31596\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) Sch\u00e9mas CBED du mat\u00e9riau LiNiO2 ; (b) meilleure ad\u00e9quation entre les donn\u00e9es exp\u00e9rimentales et les calculs th\u00e9oriques apr\u00e8s affinement.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 6\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><h2 id=\"cryoelectron-microscopy\">Microscopie cryo\u00e9lectronique<\/h2><p>Les mat\u00e9riaux des piles au lithium sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement tr\u00e8s sensibles \u00e0 l'irradiation par faisceau d'\u00e9lectrons, tels que l'anode en lithium m\u00e9tal et la pile au lithium. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;color: #333399\"><a style=\"color: #333399;text-decoration: underline\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/solid-state-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">batterie \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat solide<\/a><\/span> les mat\u00e9riaux \u00e9lectrolytiques, ce qui limite la microscopie \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 de nombreux mat\u00e9riaux sensibles au faisceau d'\u00e9lectrons.<\/p><p>R\u00e9cemment, l'\u00e9quipe du professeur Yi Cui de l'universit\u00e9 de Stanford et l'\u00e9quipe du professeur Ying Meng de l'universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 San Diego ont r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une caract\u00e9risation HRTEM du m\u00e9tal lithium en utilisant des tiges d'\u00e9chantillon congel\u00e9es \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de l'azote liquide, respectivement.<\/p><p>Les <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;color: #333399\"><a style=\"color: #333399;text-decoration: underline\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/lithium-ion-battery-electrolyte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00e9lectrolyte pour batterie lithium-ion<\/a><\/span> est un composant important de la batterie, mais le fait que la plupart des \u00e9lectrolytes soient des liquides a entra\u00een\u00e9 une p\u00e9nurie de recherches sur la structure et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des \u00e9lectrolytes liquides.<\/p><p>R\u00e9cemment, gr\u00e2ce au d\u00e9veloppement des m\u00e9thodes de cryo-microscopie \u00e9lectronique et de cryo-FIB (cryo-FIB), il est devenu possible d'\u00e9tudier l'\u00e9tat du syst\u00e8me \u00e9lectrolytique liquide au cours de diff\u00e9rents processus de charge et de d\u00e9charge dans le microscope \u00e9lectronique, comme le montre la figure 7.<\/p><div class=\"mceTemp\">\u00a0<\/div><figure id=\"attachment_31601\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31601\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31601 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Cryoelectron-microscopy.webp\" alt=\"Cryo\u00e9lectron-microscopie\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31601\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) Images FIB des cristaux tiss\u00e9s de type I, de la membrane SEI et de l'\u00e9lectrolyte ; (b) Images FIB des cristaux tiss\u00e9s de type II et de l'\u00e9lectrolyte ; (c) Images HAADF Cryo-STEM des plaquettes de type I, de la membrane SEI et de l'\u00e9lectrolyte ; (d) Image HAADF Cryo-STEM des cristaux tiss\u00e9s de type II et de l'\u00e9lectrolyte.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 7 <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Production d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 in situ<\/strong><\/p><p>La dur\u00e9e de vie d'une batterie au lithium est consacr\u00e9e au cycle de charge et de d\u00e9charge, c'est pourquoi la caract\u00e9risation in situ pendant le cycle de charge et de d\u00e9charge est essentielle. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;color: #333399\"><a style=\"color: #333399;text-decoration: underline\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/charging-and-discharging-of-lithium-ion-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">charge et d\u00e9charge de la batterie au lithium-ion<\/a><\/span> est cruciale.<\/p><p>En 2009, Allard et al. ont utilis\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me micro\u00e9lectrom\u00e9canique (MEMS) pour transporter l'\u00e9chantillon et ont con\u00e7u une nouvelle tige d'\u00e9chantillonnage in situ, qui permet un processus de chauffage et de refroidissement rapide jusqu'\u00e0 une temp\u00e9rature maximale de plus de 1 000 degr\u00e9s Celsius, tout en assurant une stabilit\u00e9 suffisante de la tige d'\u00e9chantillonnage pour garantir l'obtention d'images \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique dans le cadre du STEM ;<\/p><p>Gong et al. ont appliqu\u00e9 les barres d'\u00e9chantillons sur puce \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude in situ des mat\u00e9riaux des batteries au lithium-ion, ont construit avec succ\u00e8s une batterie microscopique \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat solide sur une puce in situ et ont r\u00e9alis\u00e9 l'observation in situ de la migration du lithium-ion \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique (voir Fig. 8), et ont \u00e9tendu la gamme de caract\u00e9risation \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique tridimensionnelle.<\/p><p>Avec les avantages de l'inclinaison, de la haute stabilit\u00e9, de la maniabilit\u00e9 et de la facilit\u00e9 de traitement ult\u00e9rieur, la tige d'\u00e9chantillonnage de la puce sur puce est devenue le courant dominant de la recherche in situ.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_31602\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31602\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31602 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/In-situ-electricity-generation.webp\" alt=\"Production d&#039;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 in situ\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31602\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) Image MEB d'une batterie Li-ion \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat solide construite \u00e0 l'aide du FIB ; (b) Sch\u00e9ma de la batterie \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat solide construite ; (c) Image ABF \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique du mat\u00e9riau de cathode LiCoO2 vierge ; (d) Image HAADF \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique correspondante du mat\u00e9riau de cathode LiCoO2 vierge.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 8 Structure initiale du mat\u00e9riau de la batterie microscopique \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat solide<\/strong><\/p><h2 id=\"in-situ-variable-temperature\">Temp\u00e9rature variable in situ<\/h2><p>La temp\u00e9rature influe sur les performances des piles dans les applications pratiques, et les performances des piles \u00e0 haute ou basse temp\u00e9rature sont essentielles \u00e0 la promotion des piles dans les applications pratiques.<\/p><p>Les tests de chauffage et de basse temp\u00e9rature en microscopie \u00e9lectronique in situ reposent sur des principes diff\u00e9rents. Le chauffage est contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par la chaleur g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par un courant \u00e9lectrique, tandis que la temp\u00e9rature cryog\u00e9nique est contr\u00f4l\u00e9e par l'\u00e9quilibre entre l'azote liquide et le chauffage \u00e9lectrique pour amener l'\u00e9chantillon dans l'intervalle de la temp\u00e9rature ambiante \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de l'azote liquide.<\/p><p>La figure 9 montre la structure du mat\u00e9riau d'\u00e9lectrode \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes temp\u00e9ratures, ce qui est important pour comprendre les performances des batteries Li-ion dans des environnements d'exploitation r\u00e9els. \u00c0 l'avenir, nous esp\u00e9rons que la combinaison de la d\u00e9naturation in situ et de l'\u00e9lectrification aura une plus grande valeur pratique et une plus grande importance pour l'\u00e9tude des mat\u00e9riaux des batteries au lithium.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_31603\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31603\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31603 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/In-situ-variable-temperature.webp\" alt=\"Temp\u00e9rature variable in situ\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31603\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) Image HRTEM avant chauffage ; (b) Image HRTEM apr\u00e8s chauffage \u00e0 100\u00b0C ; (c) Image HRTEM apr\u00e8s chauffage \u00e0 200 \u00b0C ; (d) Image HRTEM apr\u00e8s chauffage \u00e0 300\u2103.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 9 [Images HRTEM de particules Li0.15Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 surcharg\u00e9es<\/strong><\/p><p>La vignette en m\u00e9daillon de chaque image montre le sch\u00e9ma de diffraction \u00e9lectronique de la zone s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e de l'\u00e9chantillon \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature correspondante.<\/p><h2 id=\"3d-reconstruction\">Reconstruction en 3D<\/h2><p>Il existe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement deux m\u00e9thodes pour obtenir les informations structurelles de la structure tridimensionnelle en microscopie \u00e9lectronique : l'une consiste \u00e0 enregistrer les informations structurelles de l'\u00e9chantillon en inclinant l'\u00e9chantillon \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents angles dans le microscope \u00e9lectronique, puis \u00e0 restaurer la structure tridimensionnelle de l'\u00e9chantillon ; l'autre consiste \u00e0 restaurer la structure tridimensionnelle de l'\u00e9chantillon par la m\u00e9thode de reconstruction de l'onde sortante.<\/p><p>Les diagrammes sch\u00e9matiques des deux m\u00e9thodes sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s \u00e0 la figure 10. Actuellement, la m\u00e9thode de reconstruction 3D \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique est plus exigeante pour l'\u00e9chantillon et n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e aux mat\u00e9riaux des batteries au lithium.<\/p><p>Toutefois, la caract\u00e9risation structurelle multiorient\u00e9e des \u00e9chantillons a permis de d\u00e9couvrir les informations structurelles tridimensionnelles cach\u00e9es derri\u00e8re les r\u00e9sultats de la projection bidimensionnelle. On pense qu'avec les progr\u00e8s de la science et de la technologie, la m\u00e9thode de reconstruction 3D pourra \u00e0 l'avenir donner des r\u00e9sultats fructueux dans la recherche sur les mat\u00e9riaux des piles au lithium.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_31604\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31604\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31604\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/3D-reconstruction.webp\" alt=\"Reconstruction en 3D\" width=\"1200\" height=\"600\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31604\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) M\u00e9thode de reconstruction 3D pour des \u00e9chantillons continuellement inclin\u00e9s ; (b) M\u00e9thode de reconstruction de l'onde sortante pour obtenir une structure 3D<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fig. 10<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f0e4fb4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4f0e4fb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c630e63 elementor-author-box--layout-image-left elementor-author-box--link-yes elementor-author-box--avatar-yes elementor-author-box--name-yes elementor-author-box--biography-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"4c630e63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cropped-mmexport1689048776805-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Photo de Lucky\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChanceux\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBonjour, je m'appelle Lucky, je suis dipl\u00f4m\u00e9 d'une universit\u00e9 r\u00e9put\u00e9e en Chine, je me consacre maintenant principalement \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction d'articles sur les batteries de moto au lithium et la station d'\u00e9change de batteries, je m'engage \u00e0 offrir des services et des solutions sur la station d'\u00e9change de batteries pour diverses industries.\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-author-box__button elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/author\/lucky\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTous les articles\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b744a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b744a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poste connexe<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57806c3a elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"57806c3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;classic_columns&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:35,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.classic\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-classic elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-28913 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-battery-industry category-battery-materials category-top-battery-list tag-battery tag-cell tag-lithium\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/top-10-lithium-ion-battery-electrolyte-manufacturer\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/top-10-lithium-ion-battery-electrolyte-manufacturer-in-china-300x225.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-28920\" alt=\"top-10-lithium-ion-batterie-\u00e9lectrolyte-fabricant-en-chine\" title=\"\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/top-10-lithium-ion-battery-electrolyte-manufacturer\/\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\">\n\t\t\t\tTop 10 des fabricants d'\u00e9lectrolytes pour batteries lithium-ion en Chine\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t27 septembre 2023\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-27974 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-battery-industry category-battery-materials category-top-battery-list tag-battery tag-cell tag-lithium\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/top-10-nmp-solvent-manufacturers-in-china\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Top-10-NMP-solvent-manufacturers-in-China-in-2023-300x225.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-27975\" alt=\"Top-10 des fabricants de solvants NMP en Chine en 2023\" title=\"\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/top-10-nmp-solvent-manufacturers-in-china\/\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\">\n\t\t\t\tLes 10 premiers fabricants de solvants NMP en Chine\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t26 ao\u00fbt 2023\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-27573 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-battery-industry category-battery-materials category-top-battery-list tag-battery tag-cell tag-lithium\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/top-10-lithium-ion-battery-separater-manufacturers-in-china\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/top-10-lithium-ion-battery-separater-manufacturers-in-china-300x225.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-27574\" alt=\"top-10-lithium-ion-battery-separater-manufacturers-in-china\" title=\"\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/top-10-lithium-ion-battery-separater-manufacturers-in-china\/\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\">\n\t\t\t\tLes 10 premiers fabricants de s\u00e9parateurs de batteries lithium-ion en Chine\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t12 ao\u00fbt 2023\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les structures atomiques et \u00e9lectroniques des mat\u00e9riaux des batteries lithium-ion d\u00e9terminent directement les performances de la batterie. La microscopie \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 transmission, avec sa capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9solution spatiale \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique, peut d\u00e9tecter les distorsions structurelles et les changements de structure \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle atomique, ce qui joue un r\u00f4le crucial dans l'\u00e9tude des mat\u00e9riaux des batteries au lithium-ion.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":31570,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_rtcl_gb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[224,223,222],"tags":[220,228,221],"class_list":["post-31568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-battery-industry","category-battery-materials","category-battery-news","tag-battery","tag-cell","tag-lithium"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Methods for TEM analysis of lithium battery materials - TYCORUN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The atomic and electronic structures of lithium-ion battery materials directly determine the performance of the battery. 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Transmission electron microscopy, with its atomic-scale spatial resolution capability, can acquire structural distortions and electronic structure changes on the atomic scale, which plays a crucial role in the study of lithium-ion battery materials.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/fr\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"China best battery swap station system solution suppliers - TYCORUN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/tycorun\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-02-23T09:50:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Methods-for-TEM-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lucky\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@tycorunenergy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@tycorunenergy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lucky\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Lucky\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/#\/schema\/person\/8c52297b7ede1d9a51df2f0efaabb74f\"},\"headline\":\"Methods for TEM analysis of lithium battery materials\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-02-23T09:50:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/\"},\"wordCount\":2331,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Methods-for-TEM-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"Battery\",\"Cell\",\"Lithium\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Battery industry\",\"Battery materials\",\"Battery news\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/\",\"name\":\"Methods for TEM analysis of lithium battery materials - TYCORUN\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/tem-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/batteryswapstation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Methods-for-TEM-analysis-of-lithium-battery-materials.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-02-23T09:50:00+00:00\",\"description\":\"The atomic and electronic structures of lithium-ion battery materials directly determine the performance of the battery. 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